ფრაზეოლოგიური ერთეულები და მათი თარგმნის საკითხი

     

     

N                                                 nino larculiani

    frazeologiuri erTeulebi da maTi Targmnis sakiTxi

F     frazeologizmebi enis ganumeorebeli, unikaluri simdidrea. isini aramarto azris mxatvrulad, emociurad gamoTqmis maRalefeqturi saSualebaa, maTSi dafiqsirebulia xalxis istoria, gancdebi, gemovneba, cxovrebis avisa da kargis gagebis kriteriumebi.

 magaliTad, gamoTqma “yurebze xaxvi ar damaWra” asaxavs qarTuli yofis im epoqas, rodesac gaqceul da ZaliT dabrunebul ymebs mebatoneebi sastikad sjidnen (magram ara sikvdiliT, radgan muSaxeli sWirdebodaT) – yurebs usresdnen da Wrilobaze xaxvs aWridnen. “Cailuris wyali dalia” niSnavs “sabolood, uimedod dakarga” da Segvaxsenebs im dros, rodesac Tu damrbevi lekebi motacebul saqonels mdinare Cailurs gaacdendnen, devnas azri aRar hqonda, iqedan ukve dakargulis dabruneba SeuZlebeli iyo.

 aseTi “istoriuli” frazeologizmebi qarTulSi (rogorc yvela enaSi) mravladaa da maTi codna aramarto enis codnis maCvenebelia. “samarTalma puri Wamao” dRes niSnavs “simarTlema gaimarjva”. Zvelad qarTul sofelSi mezoblebi rom raime davas moagvarebdnen da dazavdebodnen, Serigebis niSnad modaveebi SuakacebTan erTad saerTo sufras Slidnen – pursa sWamdnen da erTmaneTis mtrobaze uars acxadebdnen. swored amaze iyo naTqvami, samarTalma puri Wamao.

zogi frazeologizmis azri dRes gabundovanebulia imis gamo, rom masSi xsenebuli realiebi dRes miviwyebulia da aRar gvesmis. magaliTad, “tols ar udebs” dRes niSnavs “sxvaze naklebi ar aris”. gamoTqma modis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan: Tu uRelSi Sebmuli xarebidan erTi sagrZnoblad ufro Ronieri iyo, uRlis gawevisas igi Cagravda meores, Tavisze susts.aseT SemTxvevaSi kargi patroni Ronieri xaris mxares uRels vioze abamda damatebiTinTokiT, rom urmis tarebis simZime sustis sasargeblod gadanawilebuliyo. aseTi Tokis Cabmas eZaxdnen “tolis dadebas” anu sustisaTvis raRac SeRavaTis micemas. TuUaseTi ram saWiro ar iyo, niSnavda, rom xarebi erTmaneTs “tols ar udebdnen”, e. i. Tanasworebi iyvnen.

      metad sainteresoa erTi qarTuli fraza, romlesac Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia Cvenbma didma mweralma da moazrovnem – grigol robaqiZem, am myar sityvaTa SeTanxmebas gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs saqarTvelos aRmosavleT da dasavleT periferiaze “Tvali Casula mtevanSi” (aRmosavlurad) da “SeTvalebula” (dasavlurad). Aam sityvebSi, raoden gasaocaric ar unda iyos, igulisxmeba vazis mwifobaSi Sesvla, anu yurZnis mwifoba. Tvali aq saxismetyvelurad moiazrebs mzes.

am SemTxvevaSi frazeologizmi gvixatavs qarTuli miTosuri msoflxedvis simbolur saxes (msgavs informacias gvawvdis idiomebi: “Senma mzem”,

“Cemma mzem”, “misma mzem” da a. S.), metad sainteresoa amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli gamoTqma - “cis gaxsna”, rac vazis gasxvlis process moaswavebs. Aam sakiTxze saubari Sors wagviyvans, amitom gadavideT Targmanis sakiTxebze.

       qarTulSi sakmaod moiZebneba sxva enebidan gadmoRebuli frazeologizmebic. Ees gansakuTrebulad iTqmis berZnulidan momdinare gamoTqmebze, romlebic qarTulSi saeklesio wignebis Targmnam ganapiroba. amiTve aixsneba is mdgomareobac, rom qarTulsa da rusul enebSi bevria absoliturad erTi mniSvnelobisa da erTnairi sityvebiT gamoxatuli frazeologizmebi.

 frazeologizmebi Tavisi SinaarsiT, istoriiTa da enobrivi TaviseburebebiT mTeli samyaroa, romelsac sagangebod swavlobs enaTmecniereba Sefasebisa da klasificirebis lingvisturi kriteriumebiT. TargmanTmcodneobas ki maTdami sakuTari, Taviseburi midgoma aqvs.

      Mmxatvrul nawarmoebSi frazeologizmebi Zalian xSirad ixmareba, rac naTqvams aniWebs xaliss, emociurobas, mSvenierebas, feradovnebas. magaliTad, qarTuli prozis Sedevri “oTaraanT qvrivi” pirdapir Semkulia frazeologiuri gamoTqmebiT da Tu TargmanSi frazeologizmebi daikargeboda an sustad iTargmneboda,  mkiTxveli ver mixvdeboda, ratom aris es moTxroba ase dafasebuli, ratom iTvleba igi maRalmxatvrul nawarmoebad. samwuxarod,  aseTi xarvezebi bevria rogorc qarTulidan ucxour, ise ucxouridan qarTulad naTargmn literaturaSi.

 F   frazeologiuri gamoTqmebis gadatana sxva enaze Znelia, radganac xSirad ikargeba is erovnuli koloriti, surneleba, riTac isini xasiaTdebian da fasdebian. Ees gansakuTrebiT Seexeba frazeologizmebis umTavres saxeobas – idiomebs. idiomebis mTavari niSani is aris, rom maTi azri ar aixsneba naxmari sityvebis mniSvnelobiT. magaliTad, aris gamoTqma “kudi aewva”. Aamas ityvian adamianze, romelsac raRac cudi aqvs Cadenili, igi malavs Tavsi saqciels, magram viracam gadakruli sityviT Seaxsena avkacoba, iman ki Tavi ver Seikava, seSfoTda da amiT gasca Tavisi Tavi. aseTi gamoTqmis sityva sityviT Targmna, cxadia, uazroba, radganac  rac gasagebia qarTvelisTvis, is sruliad gaugebari iqneba araqarTvelisTvis. Aamitom mTargmnelma raRac unda iRonos, rom arc aseTi cocxali gamotqma ar dakargos da arc sxvaenovan mkiTxvels gauZnelos teqstis gageba da mxatvruli saxis aRqma.

  F   frazeologizmebis Targmnis erT-erTi xerxia maTi styva-sityviT Targmna da kalkireba. xatovani gamoTqmis kalkis gadaRebis wesi ZvelTaganvea cnobili da damkvidrebuli.

 es xerxi gaCnda da Camoyalibda saeklesio literaturis Targmnis procesSi, rodesac teqstidan Tundac odnav gadaxvevas SeeZlo azris iseTi damaxinjeba, rac miuRebeli iqneboda aRiarebul dogmatTa mxareebisaTvis. Aam pirobebSi gaCnda leqsikurad da azrobrivad erTnairi frazeologizmebi iseT gansxvavebul enebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad qarTuli da rusuli.

K     kalkirebas aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. kargia, rom am gziT Semosuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi xSirad samudamod rCebia enaSi da amdidreben mis leqsikas, terminologias, magram sityva-sityviT gadmoRebulma gamoTqmam SeiZleba Seaviwrovos an sulac gandevnos am enis sakuTari gamoTqma.

      gamoTqmis kalkireba gamarTlebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTargmnel enas ar gaaCnia dednis Sesaferisi xatovani gamoTqma da amave dros kalki ar ewinaaRmdegeba am enis normebs. odesRac kalkirebuli frazeologizmebi sxvadsxvanariad eguebian msesxebi enis normebs – zogi safuZvlianad “Sinaurdeba” da sakuTar statuss iRebs, zogi male ikargeba an pasivSi gadadis, zogi ki arqaizmis elfers ver icilebs da amitom misi stilisturi SesaZleblobebic SezRudulia.

sailustraciod moviyvanT ramdenime frazeologiur erTeuls ilia WavWavaZis “mgzavris werilebisas” maTi uoprdropiseuli TargmanebiTurT.

dalocvis formulebi:

• ”madloba RmerTs!”  (3-15) – “Thank God!”(5-1);
• “Tu RmerTi gwams!”  (3-26)  _ “By your troth” (5-8);
• “gwyalobnosT cocxalTa, SegindonsT mkvdarTa!” (3-26) – “May God be merciful to you while living and pardon you when dead! ” (5-8)
• “RvTis wyaloba Sen gqondes” (3-11) – “You may be well assured that…” (5-)
• ”daloca RmerTma isev Tavzed xelaRebuli, giJi, gadareuli, Seupovari da daumonavi mRvrie Tergi” (3-21) -  “Thank God for the desperate, mad, furious, obstinate, disobedient muddy Terek” (5-)

Aandazebi:

• “saca misulxar, iqauri qudic dagixuravs” (3-10) – “like some men, wherever thou goest thou donnest the hat of the country.” (5-)
• “uxmar satevars Jangi daedebis” (3-29) – “Rust eats an unused dagger ” (5-)
• B”baasi Wkvis sazrdoa” (3-13) – “Discourse is the mind’s food.” (5-)

gamoTqmebi:

• “ca qudada maqvs da dedamiwa qalamnado” (3-21) – “The heavens are my head-dress and the earth my slippers. ” (5-12)
• “im Rames iq davrCi, raTa Tvali gameZRo” (3-20) – “I decided to stay the night that my eyes might open on the lovely view.” (5-16)
• “Cemi qveynis siom damkra” (3-11) – “The breeze of my native land began to blow on me” (5-30)
• “gulma sul sxvagvarad damiwyo feTqva” (3-11) – “My heart began to beat in another way” (5-33)
• “erTi muWis odena” (3-21) – “The size of a man’s hand” (5-17);
• “mis Sublze erT ZarRvsac ar aatokebs” (3-21) – “The world’s ill or weal makes not even a nerve in his lofty brow twitch” (5-)
• “Tavi fiqrebs miveci” (3-10) – “...And gave myself up to thought.”
• “taxtzed mama-papurad gaviSote” (3-11) – “...Now, reclining like a grandfather on the couch” (5-11)
• “iqneba mimiRos kidec da, rogorc Tavisi Svili, gulzedac mimikras da xarbad damigdos yuri, magram me ki SevZleb, rom mas RviZli sityva vuTxra” (3-12) – “It may be, though, she will receive me as her son, clasp me to her heart, and eagerly listen to me. But am I indeed able to speak her very speech”
• “gonebas vadevneb” (3-22) – “I make my keen mind follow the ” (5-10)
• “qveynis bednierebis qvakuTxedi ki yovelTvis Ziridan dadebula” (3-3) _ “The foundation of the earth’s happiness is placed at the base” (5-8)

religiuri warmomavlobis frazeologizmi:

• “bewvis xidi” (3-10) – “The hair-like bridge” (5-5)

  

istoriuli warmomavlobis frazeologizmi:

• “TiTqo, an rozgqveS aris gatarebuli, an didi Cini miuRiao” (3-9) _

“as if it dwelt under the rod or had received a high official post” (5-2)

aforizmi:

• “he, sofelo, ra Sigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa” (3-10) –

   “Oh, fortune in what dost thou consist, why dost thou turn us about, what instinct afflicts
      thee?” (5-)

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 mTargmnelisTvis gasaTvaliwinebelia is, rom frazeologizmis xmarebisas mkiTxveli mis saerTo mniSvnelobas eyrdnoba da naklebad fiqrobs (an sulac ar fiqrobs) gamoTqmaSi Semavali calkeuli sityvebis mniSvnelobaze. Ffrazeologizmis, rogorc saerTod sityvis mniSvneloba konkretdeba teqstSi, sxva sityvaTa garemocvaSi. Ees Cveulebrivi ambavia da mTargmnelma swored am garemoebas unda gauwios angariSi.

      Dda bolos, frazeologiuri gamoTqma teqstis unikaluri, ganumeorebeli samkaulia, misi dakargva an damaxinjeba TargmanSi iolia, SenarCuneba ki – Zneli: codna da gemovnebaa saWiro. Targmanis avkargianobis Sefaseba unda xdebodes ara mxolod subieqturi “momwons _ ar momwons” principiT, aramed enis simdidris gaTvaliswinebiT, misi kanonebis da stilistikis Rrma codniTa da daxvewili gemovnebiT. Mmxatvruli nawarmoebi obieqturi realobaa da amitom misi Sefasebas obieqturi kanonebic arsebobs. am kanonebis codna aucilebelia.

                      

                   literatura

1. Tsu-s gamomcemloba., slavistikis centri., Targmanis leqsikoni., Tb., 2001w.
2.  wibaxaSvili g., Targmanis Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxebi., Tb., 2000w.
3. ilia WavWavaZe, moTxrobebi. rCeuli wigni II, Tbilisi 1974;
4. www. Translation theory and practice.ge;
5. http://iberiana.wordpress.com/about/i-chavchavadze/notes-of-a-journey/ 

                   

                        Nino Lartsuliani

                     Phraseological Units and the Issue of Their Translation

                                                           Summary

Phraseological units are unique treasures of a language.  They are not only a means of an artistic and emotional conveyance of a thought; the history, experience, taste, criteria against which good and evil are judged of a nation are embedded in phraseological units as well.

Phraseologies abound in literature, which endows narrative with lightness, emotional charge, beauty, diversity.

The translator has to take into account that, while using phraseological units, the reader relies on their general meaning and fathoms, if at all, the meaning of individual words of a given phrase to a lesser degree.  The meaning of phraseological units, similarly to that of a word, becomes clear if contemplated within context, in conjunction with other words.  It is a common phenomenon, and the translator must consider this circumstance.

Phraseologies are unique adornments of the text; it is all so easy to lose or distort them in translation, while it is not easy at all to retain them as it takes knowledge and taste.  Asstsment of translations should not only involve the simple “like vs. do-not-like” criterion but comprehension of a given language’s richness, close acquaintance with its rules and style, as well as a refined taste.  A literary work is an objective reality; therefore, there exist objective rules for its evaluation.  It is vital to know these rules.