„ვეფხისტყაოსნის“ მსოფლმხეველობა

                                                     ნინო ლარცულიანი        

                

               „ვეფხისტყაოსნის“ მსოფლმხეველობა  

nebismieri qveyana Tavis erT romelime geniosSi Cadebs xolme sakuTar SemoqmedebiT genias mTeli sisruliT da swored  es geniosi warmoadgens Semdeg avtoportrets amave qveynisas. aseT geniosad SegviZlia moviazroT inglisisTvis Seqspiri, germaniisTvis – goeTe, italiisTvis – dante alegieri, ruseTvisTvis – puSkini da a. S. saqarTvelosTvis ki aseTi geniosi SoTa rusTavelia! D

 yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom inglisis literaturuli renesansis xana XVI saukunidan iRebs saTaves, germaniisa – XVIII-dan, italiisa – XIV, xolo ruseTisa XIX saukunidan. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, raoden gasaocaric ar unda iyos, misi renesansuli epoqa XII saukunidan iwyeba!

qarTuli renesansis samyaroSi, saidanac erTnairi sikaSkaSiT asxivebs aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mze, sadac landSafturi mravaferovneba gvaocebs egzotikuri sanaxaobiT, rac ramdenime radikalurad gansxvavebul klimatsa da bunebriv garemos erTi qveynis WrilSi warmogvidgens. Tu erTi mxridan gvwvdeba zRvis xmauri, meore mxridan qars moaqvs oqrosferi udabnos qviSa, gaswvriv – udnobi TovliT dafaruli myinvarebia da mTidan daqanebuli Cqari mdinareebi, barad ki - xaverdi tyeTa…... erTi sityviT, es namdvili evraziaa, anu evropisa da aziis Sexmatkbilebuli sinTezi, namdvili harmonia!

diax,  swored es saocari harmonia qmnis qarTuli yofis ganumeorebelobasa da unikalurobas.

UdavubrundeT isev rusTavels, upirveles yovlisa, sagulisxmoa epoqa, anu is istoriuli foni, romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnis mTavar mamotivirebel Zalad unda miviCnioT. Ppoema saraindo eposis Janrs miekuTvneba da avtoris TqmiT, miZRvniT xasiaTs atarebs, igi Seqmnilia saqarTvelos gvirgvinosani mefis, Tamaris pativsacemad, romlis saxelsac ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos istoriis oqros xana.

Tamaris gamefebis Sesaxeb qarTveli istorikosi mogviTxrobs: “idga 1178…weli, erTiani saqarTvelos mefem, giorgi III-m Tanamosaydred akurTxa Tavisi erTaderTi asuli Tamari, xolo giorgi III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1184 wlidan, Tamari saqarTvelos erTpirovnuli mmarTveli xdeba”.

swored Tamaris gamefebis sceniT iwyeba SoTa rusTavelis “vefxistyaosani”. Tamari dRemde qarTveTa usayvarles mefed iTvleba, igi qarTuli eklesiis mier wmindanadaa Seracxuli da SvidmnaTobierad wodebuli. TiTqmis ar arsebobs saqarTveloSi kuTxe, sadac Tamaris saxelobis eklesia, wyaro an adgili ar SemogxvedebaT. Tamari saqarTveloSi silamazis etalonadac iTvleba. amitom lamaz qalze xSirad ityvian qarTvelni: “namdvili Tamar-qaliao”. Tamari ara marto silamaziTa da graciiT gamoirCeva, aramed maRali zneobiTa da madlmosilebiT. cnobilia, rom rTul viTarebaSi, roca qarTvelTa jari samSoblosTvis ibrZoda, Tamari mTis mwvervalze aRmarTul salocavebs mimarTavda xolme da mZime marxviTa da sulieri RvawliT SesTxovda ufals jaris gamarjvebas. wyaloba ar axanebda da Tamaris drois saqarTvelo dResac gamarjvebebis nadvil apogead iTvleba! Tamaris provnebiT aRfrTovanebulia Tavad “vefxistyaosnis” avtoric, romelic nawarmoebSi SefarviT migvaniSnebs, rom TavdaviwyebiTaa Seyvarebuli Tavisi drois gvirgvinosanze.

N”vefxistyaosani” im droisTvis arsebuli mTeli literaturuli kulturis Tavmoyras axerxebs erT siuJetur wiaRSi. es literaturuli nakadebia: dasavleTidan _ bizantiuri filosofia da qristianuli kultura, xolo aRmosavleTiadan – sparsuli poezia, Tavisi metaforuli siuxviTa da gadaWarbebuli mgrZnobelobiT, romelic ase TvalSisacemia nawarmoebis kiTxvisas.

“vefxistyaosnis” siuJeturi xazs sabolood absoluturi sikeTis borotebaze gamarjvebasTan mivyavarT. nawarmoebi Zalian dinamiuria da sainteresod ikiTxeba. mTeli poema siyvarulis didebuli sagalobelia! Tavad siyvaruls avtori samsaxovnad ganixilavs. umaRles, zeSTa siyvarulad igi asaxelebs saRvTo siyvaruls, romelic bermonazvnuri cxovrebis amosaval wertils warmoadgens. siyvarulis meore saxes qalvaJuri siyvaruli warmoadgens, romelzedacaa Seqmnili Tavad “vefxistyaosani”, xolo mesame forma siyvarulisa xorcielia da igi mxolod vnebaa. aseve, nawarmoebSi Zalian sainteresodaa gaSuqebuli zogadad mtrisadmi damokidebulebis Tema. nawarmoebis gmirebi namdvili raindebi arian, isini mters sulgrZelad Seundoben, magram absolituri borotebis winaaRmdeg Seuvalni rCebian! nawarmoebis finals swored am borotebaze saboloo gamarjveba warmoadgens, rac asaxulia qajeTis cixis aRebis sceniT! imarjvebs siyvaruli, samarTlianoba da sikeTe!

Aamis damadastureblad Tavad poemis erTi aforizmic kmara: “borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia”. “vefxistyaosnis” erT-erT udides Rirebulebas swored misi aforistuli samyaro warmoadgens. SemogTavazebT ramdenime nimuSs poemis margalitebidan da msoflio literatures RirsSesaniSnav nimuSebs, romelnis sxvadasxva saukunidan exmianebian rusTavelis genialur frazebs:

·         “lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia”;

 (mogvagonebs frazas Seqspiridan: “unsex me here”);

·         “gvelsa xvreliT amoiyvans ena tkbilad moubari”; 

   mogvagonebs servantesis sityvebs:"The pen is more powerful than the sword");

·         “sjobs sicocxlesa naZraxsa, sikvdili saxelovani”;

(gavixsenoT ciceronis sityvebi: “A life of shame leaves no room even for an honorable death”);

·         “Wirsa Sigan gamagreba asre unda, viT qviTkirsa”;

es fraza mogvagonebs Sqspiris sityvebs: “Let me embrace thee, sour adversity, for wise men say it is the wisest course”);

·         “hkiTxe assa, hqmen gulisa, ragind vinmem givaziros”;

       (“Go to your bosom;
Knock there, and ask your heart what it doth know” – Seqspiri; “Each one sees what he carries in his heart”  goeTe da dante: “Follow your own star!”  “Pick your choice”);

Aaseve, ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT astrologiis sakiTxs “vefxistyaosanSi”. avtori Rrma codnas amJRavnebs am sferoSic, nawarmoebis gmirebi ciur mnaTobebTan mosaubrenic ki arian. magaliTad, arabeTis spaspeti, avTandili, sameba erTarsebisadmi (RvTisadmi) aRvlenili locvis Semdeg, ciur mnaTobebs TxovniT mimarTavs, misi gza keTilad warmarTon. poemaSi moixsenieba: mze, mTvare, saturni, iupiteri, marsi, venera, merkuri da sxva varskvlavebi. magram Cvens yuradRebas mxolod es faqti rodi iqcevs, rusTaveliseulis xedva samyaros mTlianobis Sesaxeb im siRrmes aRwevs, rom misi poemis erT siuJetSi, momRerali Wabukis mosasmenad udabur tyeSi mxecnic ki modian da ufro metic, saqme gvavqs fizikuri kanonebis,  kerZod ki, dedamiwis mizidulobis Zalis darRvevasTan, ris Sedegadac, siuJetis tixari gadadis fizikuri sinamdvilidan metafizikur sinamdvileSi:

         “ra esmodiT mRera ymisa, smenad mxecni movidian,

         Mmisve xmisa sitkbosagan wyliT qvanica gamosxldian,

          ismendian, gahkvirdian, ra atirdis, atirdian,

          imRers leqsTa sabraloTa, Rvarisaebs cremli sdian”.

     Mmusika ganfenilia samyaroSi. kosmosi -  RvTisgan Seqmnili harmoniaa, wesrigia, xolo musika am harmoniis bgeraSi gacxadebaa. amqveynad sami aTasamde enaa. mosmeniT maT Cven yvelas movismenT, magram erTis an ramdenimes garda ver aRviqvamT. magram arsebobs erTi ena, romelic erTnairad gasagebia yvelasaTvis – es musikis enaa. amitonacaa rom amRerebul avTandils lamisaa mTeli buneba ukan gahyveba da TanaugrZnobs. qva rom qvaa, isic sabralo leqsebiT amRerebul avTandils misdevs ukan. Tanac es qvebi wylidan amodian. rusTavelma kargad uwyis, rom qvebi ar moZraoben (miT umetes mizidulobis kanons ver daarrveven da wylidan TavisiT ver amovlen), magram is gveubneba: samyaroSi ganfenilia uzarmazari, yovlismomcveli Zala siyvarulisa, urTierTsimpaTiisa, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs yvelas da yvelafers da am grandiozul ZalasTan SedarebiT fermkrTaldeba da ususuri xdeba fizikuri kanonebi. adamiani ki samyaros gvirgvinia da is mis SuagulSi dgas da misi “cru batoni” ki ar aris, aramed misi guli da suli, adamiani Seqmnilia ara imisTvis rom borotad marTos samyaro, aramed mowodebulia daicvas da misgan iyos daculi Tanadroulad. amas ki mxolod da mxolod siyvarulis yovlismomcveli Zala ganapirobebs. romlis WurWelic gonieri gulia.  mTeli “vefxistyaosani” gonieri gulis moqmedebaa da swored amitom poemis kuliminacias absolituri sikeTis borotebaze samudamo gamarjveba warmoadgens! rodesac SoTa rusTavlis “vefxistyaosans” vkiTxulob, Tavzaramcemi sicxadiT xdeba naTeli, sad gadis adamianis SesaZlebolobebis zRvari. “vefxistyaosani” qarTuli renesanuli kulturis ugenialuresi gamovlinebaa, misi TviTmyofadoba imdenad Zlieria, rom me-12 saukunidan moyolebuli dRemde sisxliT hkvebavs Cveni qveynis sasicocxlo arterias!

      “vefxistyaosnis” genialoba SeumCneveli ar darCenila msoflios sxva xalxebisTvis.

igi Targmanilia: rusul, inglisur, germanul, frangul, espanur, iaponur, Zvel ebraul da sxva mraval enaze. 

 poemis pirveli inglisurenovani Targmani m. uordrops ekuTvnis (1912w.), rasac mogvianebiT mohyveba v. uruSaZis (1970), r. stivensonis (1977) da q. vivianis (1977) Targmanebi.

                           GAMOYEEGA

                    Agamoyenebuli literatura

1.   murRuli g, alibegaSvili g. “saubrebi Zvel qarTul literaturaze”, Tbilisi 200w;

2. siraZe r. saxismetyveleba. Tbilisi, 1982;

3. filologiis fakultetis axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebi, Tbilisi,

   2004;

4. filologiis fakultetis axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebi, Tbilisi,

   2005.

                          

                        Nino Lartsuliani

                                                       The knight in the panther's skin

                                                                         Summary

Every nation invests all its creative genius in one person who subsequently becomes the self-portrait of the given nation.  Shakespeare is such a genius in the case with England, Goethe with Germany, Dante Alighieri with Italy, and Pushkin with Russia.  In Georgia, we see ShotaRustaveli. It is amazing that the era of literary renaissance in England started in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, while tracing its roots to the sixteenth century in Germany, the fourteenth century in Italy, and the nineteenth century in Russia.  As for Georgia, believe it or not, the Georgian literary renaissance emerged in the twelfth century!

This epic poem has nurtured the Georgian people since the twelfth century, and I believe that the world has yet to rediscover this marvelous treasury of wisdom and love!

            Those interested and intrigued can become acquainted with this masterpiece in the English language.  The first translation of the poem was completed in 1912 by Marjory Wardrop, followed by the translations by VeneraUrushadze in 1970, R. H. Stevenson in 1977, and others.